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  • Nitrogen is the most abundant element in our planet’s atmosphere. Approximately 78% of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen gas (N2).

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    Plant uptake of nitrogen compounds

    Once nitrogen is converted into compounds like ammonium and nitrate, these can be taken up from soils by plants and then the nitrogen can be used to form macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

    Nitrogen is a crucially important component for all life. It is an important part of many cells and processes such as amino acids, proteins and even our DNA. It is also needed to make chlorophyll in plants, which is used in photosynthesis to make their food.

    As part of these life processes, nitrogen is transformed from one chemical form to another. The transformations that nitrogen undergoes as it moves between the atmosphere, the land and living things make up the nitrogen cycle.

    Rights: The University of Waikato Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato

    Root nodules

    Legumes can have small swellings on their roots called nodules. Soil bacteria living in these nodules are able to actively fix nitrogen.

    Fixation

    Nitrogen in its gaseous form (N2) can’t be used by most living things. (Plants for example, do not have the required enzymes to make use of atmospheric nitrogen.) It has to be converted or ‘fixed’ to a more usable form through a process called fixation. There are three ways nitrogen can be fixed to be useful for living things:

    • Biologically: Nitrogen gas (N2) diffuses into the soil from the atmosphere, and species of bacteria convert this nitrogen to ammonium ions (NH4+), which can be used by plants. Legumes (such as clover and lupins) are often grown by farmers because they have nodules on their roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Learn more about this process in the article The role of clover.
    • Through lightning: Lightning converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and nitrate (NO3) that enter soil with rainfall.
    • Industrially: People have learned how to convert nitrogen gas to ammonia (NH3-) and nitrogen-rich fertilisers to supplement the amount of nitrogen fixed naturally.

    Decomposition

    Plants take up nitrogen compounds through their roots. Animals obtain these compounds when they eat the plants. When plants and animals die or when animals excrete wastes, the nitrogen compounds in the organic matter re-enter the soil where they are broken down by microorganisms, known as decomposers. This decomposition produces ammonia, which can then go through the nitrification process.

    Nitrification

    Nitrifying bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrate (NO3-). This process is called nitrification. Compounds such as nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and ammonium can be taken up from soils by plants and then used in the formation of plant and animal proteins.

    The terrestrial nitrogen cycle

    An interactive showing the main components of the terrestrial nitrogen cycle. Select one of the buttons to find out more.

    Denitrification

    Denitrification completes the nitrogen cycle by converting nitrate (NO3-) back to gaseous nitrogen (N2). Denitrifying bacteria are the agents of this process. These bacteria use nitrate instead of oxygen when obtaining energy, releasing nitrogen gas to the atmosphere.

    Denitrification process

    Dr Selai Letica explains the process of denitrification. This is the phase of the nitrogen cycle where nitrate is converted back to atmospheric gaseous nitrogen (N2).

    Nitrogen compounds and potential environmental impacts

    Agriculture may be responsible for about half the nitrogen fixation on Earth through fertilisers and the cultivation of nitrogen-fixing crops. Increased nitrogen inputs (into the soil) have led to lots more food being produced to feed more people – known as ‘the green revolution’.

    However, nitrogen in excess of plant demand can leach from soils into waterways. The nitrogen enrichment contributes to eutrophication.

    Another problem can occur during nitrification and denitrification. When the chemical process is not completed, nitrous oxide (N2O) can be formed. This is of concern, as N2O is a potent greenhouse gas – contributing to global warming.

    A balance of nitrogen compounds in the environment supports plant life and is not a threat to animals. It is only when the cycle is not balanced that problems occur.

    Some common forms of nitrogen

    Name

    Form

    Symbol

    Gaseous dinitrogen (commonly known as nitrogen gas)

    Unreactive

    Inorganic

    N2

    Ammonia (gas)

    Reactive

    Inorganic

    NH3

    Ammonium ion

    Reactive

    Inorganic

    NH4+

    Nitric oxide

    Reactive

    Inorganic

    NO

    Nitrous oxide

    Reactive

    Inorganic

    N2O

    Nitrogen dioxide

    Reactive

    Inorganic

    NO2

    Nitrite

    Reactive

    Inorganic

    NO2-

    Nitrate

    Reactive

    Inorganic

    NO3-

    Urea

    Reactive

    Inorganic

    CO(NH2)2

    Organic forms are a very diverse group of nitrogen-containing organic molecules including simple amino acids through to large complex proteins and nucleic acids in living organisms and humic compounds in soil and water

    Reactive organic forms of nitrogen

    Numerous, typically

    R-NH2

    Nature of science

    Scientists make observations and develop their explanations using inference, imagination and creativity. Often they use models to help other scientists understand their theories. The nitrogen cycle diagram is an example of an explanatory model. Diagrams demonstrate the creativity required by scientists to use their observations to develop models and to communicate their explanations to others.

    Activity idea

    Students may enjoy experimenting with components of the nitrogen cycle in the student activity, Nitrification and denitrification.

    Related content

    Take a closer look at dairy farming and the nitrogen cycle with this article and interactive.

    Useful link

    See how nitrogen leaching due to agriculture has increased over time in New Zealand.

      Published 30 July 2013, Updated 26 June 2018 Referencing Hub articles
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