Ice caves

Fumaroles are also responsible for creating ice caves and subglacial cave systems. The hot gases and heat melt the ice, forming open spaces and passageways.

The caves are dark – light cannot get through the thick ice. However, light does filter in through cave mouths or where the ice cover is thin. The caves are often warm – reaching temperatures up to 25°C.

The lack of UV light prevents photosynthesis, and organic matter is almost non-existent. Most microorganisms that live in the caves get their energy from chemical reactions with the rocks.

Photo by Commander John Bortniak, NOAA Corps.