False dichotomies
False dichotomies are also known as the either/or fallacy. It is when a limited number of choices are presented as mutually exclusive when, in reality, more options are available. This type of argument often reduces complex issues to a binary decision.
An example is this statement in response to vaccination calls during the COVID-19 pandemic: “If the COVID vaccines work, why are vaccinated people getting COVID?” This implies that vaccines must either provide complete immunity or be considered ineffective.
How to spot a false dichotomy
Ask if there are other options. Are there alternatives being ignored?
Challenge the exclusivity. Do the presented options truly cover all possibilities?
Consider the context. Does the complexity of the situation suggest that more options are likely to be present?
Look for exaggeration. Are the two presented options overly extreme?
The pictured headline from this article suggests a binary perspective: either genetically modified (GM) crops are a complete solution to climate change or they are of no value at all. In reality, GM crops may contribute to climate change mitigation as part of a broader strategy that includes various agricultural and technological approaches.
